.NET/Java PDF, Tiff, Barcode SDK Library

of very useful commands for checking your disk space and seeing what has been used and what is still free for future use. The df (disk free) command indicates the total allocation in bytes for any mount point and how much of it is currently being used. The df -k option gives you the same information in kilobytes, which is generally more useful. The following example shows the use of the df command with the -k option: $df -k /finance09 /finance09 ( /dev/vgxp1_0f038/lvol1) : 7093226 total allocated Kb 1740427 free allocated Kb 5352799 used allocated Kb 75% allocation used $ The preceding output shows that out of a total of 7.09GB allocated to the /finance09 mount point; about 5.35GB is currently allocated to various files and about 1.74GB of space is still free. Another command that displays how the disks are being used is the du command, which indicates, in bytes, the amount of space being used by the mount point. $ du -k /finance09 /finance09/lost+found /finance09/ffacts/home . . . 5348701 /finance09 $ As you can see in the preceding example, the du command indicates the actual space used by the various files and directories of the mount point (/finance09 in this case) and the total space used up by it. I prefer the df -k command over the du -k command, because I can see at a glance the percentages of free space and used space.

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ref class MathConstants { public: literal double Pi = 3.141592658; static initonly double Pi2 = 3.14159268; // two managed alternatives, which one should be chosen when }; Distinguishing literal fields and static initonly fields is important in the context of assembly versioning. A literal field can only be a fixed value known at build time. When a literal field is used by a compiler building a client assembly, the compiler burns the field s value into the managed code. This means that the client code needs to be recompiled to achieve that a modified literal value is used. Fields marked as static initonly are different. Instead of burning the field s value into managed code, IL instructions for accessing the field via its name are emitted. This enables the JIT compiler to determine the value of the static initonly field. When the assembly in which the field is defined is updated so that the static initonly field has a new value, the client will see the new value automatically after the new version is deployed; there is no need to recompile the client. Notice that despite its versioning benefits, a static initonly field has only a slight impact on the performance of JIT compilation; the JIT-compiled native code is the same as if a literal field had been used instead. Therefore, static initonly fields are often the favored alternative. In the case of natural constants like PI and E, however, a change in the number is not expected. Therefore, the FCL has defined them as literal fields in a class called System::Math.

Availability and performance lie at the heart of all disk configuration strategies. The one thing you can be sure of when you use disk-based storage systems is that a disk will fail at some point. All disks come with a mean time between failures (MTBF) rating, which could run into hundreds of thousands of hours, and you can expect an average disk with a high rating to last for many years. As we all know, though, averages can be dangerous in situations like this because an individual disk can fail at any time, regardless of its MTBF rating. Disk controllers manage the disks, and a controller failure can doom your system operations. It is common now to build redundancy into your disk systems (and other key components of the entire system) to provide continuous availability. Performance is also an issue when you are considering the configuration of your storage devices. In systems with highly intensive simultaneous reads and writes, you can quickly end up with disk bottlenecks unless you plan the disk configuration intelligently from the beginning. To improve performance, the common strategy employed is disk striping, which enables you to create a single logical unit out of several physical disks. The single logical unit is composed of alternating stripes from each disk in the set, and data is divided into equally sized blocks and written in stripes to each disk at the same time. Reads are done in the same way, with the simultaneous use of all the disks. Thus, you can enhance I/O operations dramatically, because you are now using the I/O capacity of a set of disks rather than just one.

The following output results:

Raw disks aren t amenable to easy data access you need to impose a structure on these disks. The first thing you need to do before using a hard disk is to partition, or slice, the disk. Partitioning enables you to store system and application data in separate sections of the disk, as well as manage space issues easily. Sometimes these partitions themselves are called disks, but they are all really parts of a single physical disk. Once you partition a disk, you can create operating system file systems on it.